تحقیق مقاله مدیریت و فرماندهی پیامبر ( ص ) در جنگ ها

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قیمت: ۳۵,۰۰۰ تومان
۳۸,۰۰۰ تومان
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  • خلاصه تحقیق مقاله مدیریت و فرماندهی پیامبر ( ص ) در جنگ ها

    پیامبر اسلام

    مدیر و فرمانده ای بی نظیر

    تقدیم به ساحت مقدس امام زمان (عج)

    مقدمه:

    حتی آنها که اسلام را به عنوان یک آئین الهی نپذیرفته اند، در این امر شک ندارند که پیامبر اسلام، فرمانده بزرگی بود که پیروزی سربازانش را در کمترینمدت و با کمترین ضایعات تامین کرد. و از نظر مدیریت نیز آنچنان نیرومند بود که از یک جامعه نیمه وحشی، تمدنی بزرگ به وجود آورد و از قبائل پراکنده عرب توانست تشکیل امتی بدهد. شک نیست که تالیف امتی واحد از قبایلی که در طول تاریخ به نزاع وتخاصم و حمله و هجوم بر یکدیگر عادت کرده بودند و خون همدیگر را می ریختند؛ در اندک مدتی، کاری بس بزرگ و معجزه اجتماعی بی نظیری است که تاثیر آن بر کل تاریخ بشر بر کسی پوشیده نیست.

    «لقد کان لکم فی رسول الله اسوه حسنه؛ مسلماً برای شما در زندگی رسول خدا سرمشق نیکویی بود.

    پیامبر بزرگوار اسلام (ص) این برتری را دارا بود که برای اولین بار در تاریخ ملت عرب، ملل دیگر را در تحت رایت اسلام به عنوان «امت واحد» گرد آورد و این پیروزی سبب شد که در مدت 23 سال تمام جزیره العرب را آزاد کند، و هم عناصر مخالف و بیگانه را در آن سرزمین از میان بردارد و تأمین عدالت اجتماعی را در تمام جزیره محقق سازد.

    گفته اند که پیامبر اسلام در ده ها غزوه (جنگهایی که در آن، پیامبر (ص) حضور داشتند) و سریه (جنگهایی که در آن، پیامبر (ص) حضور نداشتند) در دوران حیاتش بیست و هفت نبرد را خود شخصاً رهبری کرد.و پیروزی های عظمیی که پیامبر در این جنگ ها بدست آورد نشانگر برتی روش او در نبرد بوده است.

    متاسفانه هیچ یک از مورخان نتوانسته اند افق استراتژی غزوات پیامبر (ص) و کارهای نظامی او را کاملاً روشن کنند، و لذا اعمال نظامی او از نظر فنی بخوبی تبیین نشده است.

    او بهترین سپاه ایدئولوژیکی را در تاریخ بوجود آورد.

    برخی از متخصصین امور نظامی که اخیراً روی کارهای نظامی و سیاسی پیامبر اسلام (ص) مطالعه کرده‌اند به وضوح نشان داده‌اند که پیامبر بزرگ اسلام (ص) در آئین نبرد نیز بینش فوق العاده‌ای داشته است؛ و با برداشتهای دانش نظامی، ثابت کرده‌اند که پیامبر (ص) فرمانده بزرگ اسلام، حتی در روش نبرد نیز همتا و مانند ندارد؛ و اگر ما به دیده عبرت در وظایفی که اون در آن  موقعیت دشوار، با وسائل مادی اندکی که در مقایسه با نیروهای دشمنانش در اختیار داشت، بنگریم، به عظمت کارهای او پی خواهیم برد.

     

    بار خدایا! گرامی ترین دروددها و افزون ترین برکات خود را بر محمد (ص) بنده وفرستاده ات اختصاص ده، که خاتم پیامبران گذشته، گشاینده درهای بسته، آشکار کننده حق با برهان، دفع کننده لشگرهای باطل و درهم کوبنده شوکت گمراهان است.

    زمینه بحث

    در ابتدای بحث، باید توجه به این مطلب داشته باشیم که مدیریت و فرماندهی یک نوع «ایدئولوژی» است؛ یعنی، یک نوع از «بایدها» است.

    مدیر باید این چنین باشد، فرمانده باید آنچنان باشد، وظیفه فرمانده این است و وظیفه مدیران آن است و می د انیم «بایدها» همیشه از «هستی ها» یعنی از «جهان بینی» سرچشمه می گیرد.

    ما اگر واقعیات موجود را تشخیص ندهیم، وظایف لازم را تشخیص نخوایم داد؛ اگر «هستی ها» را ندانیم؛ «بایدها» را نخواهیم دانست.

    اینجا بحث مفصلی است درباره رابطه «جهان بینی» و «ایدئولوژی» و این که اینها چه نوع رابطه ای با هم دارند؛ ولی ما در اینجا همین اندازه می گوئیم که طرفدار این رابطه هستیم.

    ما معتقدیم همیشه «بایدها» از «واقعیت ها» سرچشمه می گیرند ویک رابطه محکم و منطقی بین «جهان بینی» و «ایدئولوژی» وجود دارد.

    بنابراین، چون ما در مدیریت و فرماندهی با یک سلسله «بایدها» سروکار داریم طبعاً باید ببینیم چه واقعیتهایی است که این بایدها را به دنبال خود می کشاند؛ و چون مدیریت، و فرماندهی اسلامی مطرح است، قهرا جهان بینی هم باید جهان بینی اسلامی باشد.

    یک نگاه اجمالی به عالم هستی می افکنیم و یک نگاه اجمالی هم به قرآن، ان وقت یک جهان بینی فشرده در زمینه این بحث به دست می آوریم؛ و سپس به بحث فرماندهی و مدیریت و بایدها ونبایدهایی که در این زمینه وجود دارد می پردازیم.

    برای پی بدن به ضرورت تشکیلات در پیشبرد اهداف بزرگ اجتماعی، باید قبل از هر چیز، اقدام به یک سیر «آفاقی» و «انفسی» کرد.

    در قسمت اول، یک نگاه به عالم بزرگ هستی می افکنیم، در  همان نگاه اول می بینیم مجموعه عالم هستی یک نظام عظیم تشکیلاتی است؛ وبه تعبیر دیگر این جهان، اداره بزرگی که با یک مدیریت مقتدر و توانا و بی نهایت آگاه، اداره می شود.

    جالب این که در میان اوصاف خداوند در قرآن مجید، کلمه «رب» بیش از همه جلب توجه می کند، و تقریباً در حدود «هزار بار» این کلمه در آیات قرآنی تکرار شده است[1] (یعنی تقریباً در هر شش آیه یکبار) و بعد از لفظ جلاله «الله» که اشاره به ذات جامعه جمیع صفات کمالات است و در حدود 2700 بار در قرآن تکرار شده، (از نظر تعداد) کلمه «رب» قرار دارد.

    ارباب لغت، معانی زیادی از جمله پنج معنی زیرا را برای «رب» ذکر کرده اند:

    «مالک، مدیر، مربی، قیّم، منعم»[2] که در مجموع آنها مساله «مدیریت» به خوبی نمایان است؛ و بعضی دیگر در معنی این واژه، مفهوم « المالک المصلح« را ذکر کرده اند که موضوع مدیریت را به شکل واضح تری منعکس می کند.

    قابل توجه اینکه، این واژه هنگامی که به صورت مطلق ذکر شود و بدون هیچ قید دیگر تنها در مورد «خدا» به کار می رود، ولی هرگاه بخواهیم درباره مخلوق به کار بریم، باید آن را اضافه کرده؛ مثلا، بگوییم: «رب الدار»، «رب البیت» و ...

    بنابراین، وقتی که ما از دیدگاه قرآن نگاه می کنیم، خدا را به صورت یک فرمانده و مدیر کل د رعالم هستی می بینیم.

    نتیجه می گیریم که عالم هستی اداره سازمان بزرگی است که در رأس این سازمان و اداره عظیم خداست.

    جهان بینی اسلامی به ما می گوید: کل عالم یک سازمان واحد و یک اداره کل است که خداوند هم فرمانده کل آن می باشد.

    از دیدگاه «جهان بینی توحیدی» مجموع عالم یک واحد بیش نیست با ارتباط تشکیلاتی منسجم و تحت حاکمیت «الله».

    قرآن می گوید مسلمانان باید خودشان را با نظام کل عالم تطبیق بدهند، «و السما رفعها و وضع المیزان؛ و آسمان را برافراشت و میزان و قانون (در آن) گذاشت».

    و بلافاصله نتیجه گیری می کند «الا تطغوا فی المیزان؛ تا در میزان طغیان نکنید (و از مسیر عدالت منحرف نشوید)»[3]

    یعنی شما که قطره ای از این اقیانوس بیکران و ذره ای از دشت پهناور و جزء کوچکی از این عالم بزرگ هستید، مگر ممکن است از نظم حاکم بر آن مستثنا باشید و بدون حساب و کتاب زندگی کنید! مگر وصله ناهمرنگ در این عالم ممکن است!

    اصولاً مهمترین دلیل شناخت خدا که همه فلاسفه و متکلمین روی آن تکیه کرده اند و اکثریت قریب به اتفاق آیات توحیدی قرآن بر محور آن دور می زند، «برهان نظم» است که از مدیریت حساب شده این جهان، به و جود آن «مدیر و مدبر» و آن «فرمانده قادر و دانا» پی می بریم که اگر مدیریت بی نظیر خداوند در پهنه عالم هستی نبود وجودش ناشناخته می ماند.

    نه تنها ذات مقدس او، که بسیاری از صفات والایش از همین نظام هستی و مدیریت بی نظیر آن شناخته می شود.

    تمام کتابهایی که در زمینه علوم مختلف نوشته شده است و از نظامات جهان هستی در خلقت منظومه ها و کهکشانهای عظیم گرفته ، ت اسرار شگفت انگیز اتم و انواع جانداران و گیاهان سخنی می گوید، همه و همه شرح و بیان «مدیریت دقیق» و «فرماندهی حساب شده» خداوند در این عالم بزرگ است.

    به همین دلیل، برای پی بردن به اصول صحیح تشکیلات و ضوابط مساله مدیریت و فرماندهی، راهی بهتر از این نیست که به این دستور پر معنی قرآن تحقق بخشیم:

    «و فی الارض آیات للموقنین و فی انفسکم افلا تبصرون؛ و در زمین آیاتی برای جویندگان یقین است، و در وجود خود شما (نیز آیاتی است)؛ آیا نمی بینید!»[4]

    وظیفه یک انسان موحد متعهد و هوشیار این است که قبل از هر چیز خویشتن و جهانی را که در آن زندگی می کند، بشناسد؛ و از اصول و نظاماتی که بر این عالم وسیع حاکم است، تا آنجا که در توان دارد آگاه گردد؛ و همان اصول را در زندگی اجتماعی خود به کار گیرد که بزرگترین رمز پیروزی، شناخت همین نظامهای تکوینی، و به کارگیری این سنتهای الهی در نظامات تشریعی است.

    انسان نمی تواند به گونه ای ناموزون در این جهان هستی زندگی کند؛ و به همان اندازه که از «نظام» و «تشکیلات» و «مدیریت صحیح» فاصله می گیرد، با شکست و ناکامی روبرو خواهد شد و محکوم به فناست.

    از ویژگی های زندگی انسان، این است که تمام کارهای اصلی و مهم او به صورت جمعی انجام می شود، و کار جمعی، بدون تشکیلات و سازماندهی و مدیریت، محصولی جز هرج و مرج؛ به هدر دادن نیروها؛ و از بین بردن امکانات و استعدادها، نخواهد داشت.

    اگر تمام ابزار و وسایل لازم برای انجام یک کار را به منزله «جسم» فرض کنیم، مدیریت صحیح به منزله «روح» آن است و با جدا شدن این روح، چیزی جز لاشه گندیده ای باقی نخواهد ماند.

    امیرمؤمنان علی (ع) نقش فرمانده و مدیر را در جامعه به رشته و نخ گردنبند تشبیه کرده است.

    فرمود: «و مکان القیم بالامر مکان النظام من الخرز، یجمعه و یضمه فاذا انقطع النظام تفرق الخرز و ذهب ثم لم یجتمع بحذا فیره ابدا؛ موقعیت فرمانده و قیام کننده به امور دین، مانند کار رشته است که مهره ها را جمع می کند، و پیوند می دهد؛ اگر رشته بگسلد، مهرها ها از هم جدا شده پراکنده می گردد و دیگر هرگز به تمامی جمع نخواهد شد!»[5]

    «مدیریت» به نیروها «جهت» می دهد و هم «انگیزه» و هم «سازمان» و هم «کنترل» و «هماهنگی»؛ اصولی که هرگونه بازدهی در سایه آن صورت می گیرد.

    آنچه در قرآن در سوره نور درباره مؤمنان راستین آمده که:

    «انما المومنون الذین آمنوا بالله و رسوله و اذا کانوا معه علی امر جامع لم یذهبوا حتی یستاذنوه؛ مومنان واقعی کسانی هستند که به خدا و رسولش ایمان آورده اند و هنگامی که در کار مهمی با او باشند، بی اجازه او جائی نمی روند ...»[6] بیانگر یک دستور انضباطی تشکیلات است که مساله اعمال مدیریت را حتی در نظارت بر مساله «حضور و غیاب» منعکس می کند.

    در آیه بعد از آن آمده است که: «لاتجعلوا دعاء الرسول بینکم کدعاء بعضکم بعضا قد یعلم الله یتسللون منکم لواذا فلیحذر الذین یخالفون عن امره ان تصیبهم فتنه او یصیبهم عذال الیم؛ پیامبر را همچون خودتان صدا نزنید (یا محمد نگویید، یا رسول الله که بیانگر مقام رهبری اوست، بگویید!) خداوند کسانی از شما را که پشت سر دیگران پنهان می شوند و یکی پس از دیگری از حضور در صحنه فرار می کنند، می داند، ولی آنها که مخالفت فرمان او می کنند باید بترسند از این که فتنه ای دامنشان را بگیرد، یا عذابی دردناک به آنها برسد!»[7]

    اینها نیز اشارات دیگری به مساله انضباط ناشی از مدیریت و نظام تشکیلاتی است.

     

    نگاهی گذرا به زندگی پیامبر (ص)

    یک نگاه گذرا به زندگی پیامبر اسلام، بعد از بعثت، نشان می دهد که زندگی پربارش به دو دوران متمایز تقسیم میشود:

    1- دوران مکه (دوران آمادگی و سازندگی)

    2- دوران مدینه (دوران عمل و پیاده کردن برنامه ها)

    در دوران مکّه، تمام همّت پیامبر  (ص) متوجه آموزشهای عقیدتی و فکری و فرهنگی بود تا دلهای تازه مسلمانان را از رسوبات شرک کاملاً شستشو دهد، و آنها را برای یک حرکت بزرگ به سوی یک آئین الهی پیشرو، همراه با تشکیل یک «حکومت انسانی نیرومند و پرقدرت» به عنوان مقدمه ای برای پیشبرد اهداف بزرگ رسالت، آماده سازد.

    در این دوران 13 ساله، مسلمانان به طور مداوم تحت پوشش برنامه های تعلیماتی و فکری و فرهنگی قرار داشته و به همین دلیل، قسمت عمده سوره های قرآن مجید در همین دوران نازل شده است؛ چرا که بهترین وسیله تعلیم و تربیت و آموزش و تهذیب و تزیکه و پاکسازی آنها، همین آیات بود.

  • فهرست تحقیق مقاله مدیریت و فرماندهی پیامبر ( ص ) در جنگ ها

    فهرست:

    مقدمه ·······························································································································

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    اختناق در مکه و آغاز هجرت ·······························································································

    مسئولیتها و وظایف یک مدیر و فرمانده ·················································································

        1- تصمیم گیری ···········································································································

             الف – آگاهی‌ها و تجربه‌های گذشته ··········································································

             ب بهره گیری هر چه بیشتر از مشاوره ····································································

    خطر استبداد ·····················································································································

        تصمیم‌گیری در روایات اسلامی························································································

        آفات تصمیم گیری ········································································································

    2- برنامه‌ریزی·····················································································································

    3- سازماندهی ····················································································································

    4- ایجاد هماهنگی ··············································································································

    5- تبیین هدف و تحریک انگیزه‌ها ·······················································································

    6- چاره‌جویی در برابر حوادث پیش بینی نشده ·····································································

    7- بررسی عوامل پیروزی و ناکامی و بهره‌گیری از آنها ····························································

            غزوه احد نمونه‌ای از شکست پیروزی آفرین ································································

             گزارش به موقع ·······································································································

             تشکیل شورای جنگی ······························································································

            تصفیه لازم ··············································································································

           آرایش صفوف جنگجویان ····························································································

          تخلف از دستور فرماندهی ····························································································

         شایعه شهادت پیامبر (ص)······························································································

         تحلیل عوامل شکست احد به عنوان پلی برای پیروزی‌های‌آینده ·········································

    8- جمع آوری اطلاعات و آمار (اطلاعات و خبریابی)·······························································

          وظایف عیون ···············································································································

          تفحص کامل ···············································································································

         حفظ اسرار ··················································································································

        ارائه اطلاعات به مقام مسئول ··························································································

       تاکتیک‌های جالب بعضی از مأموران اطلاعاتی پیامبر (ص)····················································

       نفاق افکنی در شکر کفر ··································································································

       ویژگی‌های یک سازمان اطلاعات اسلامی ···········································································

    9- جذب نیروهای صالح ······································································································

         آفت بزرگ در گزینش‌ها ································································································

    10- قدردانی تشویق و توبیخ ·······························································································

          خبرهای منفی تشویق ··································································································

          شرایط تنبیه ···············································································································

    11- شناخت عمیق ············································································································

    12- حفظ اسرار نظامی ·······································································································

    13- پیش بینی موانع ·········································································································

    14- توجیهات خاص ···········································································································

    15- پرهیز از جنگ در جبهه‌های مختلف ··············································································

    16- بیعت گرفتن و ایجاد روحیه تازه در لحظات بحرانی  ························································

          صفات و شرایط مدیران و فرماندهان اسلامی ··································································

    1-

    2-

    3-

    4-

    5-

    6-

    7-

    8-

    9-

    10= دلسوزی و عشق به کار··························································································

    11- تجربه و آمادگی ···································································································

    12- شجاعت و قاطعیت································································································

    13-عدالت و دادگری ···································································································

    14-پایگاه مردمی ········································································································

    15-پایبند بودن به اصول و ضوابط·················································································

    16-آگاهی برامور قدرت اجرایی······················································································

    17-عاقل ترین افراد ····································································································

          الف  به ؟؟ از زود خشمی ···························································································

          ب – عذر پذیر ····································································································

           ج- مهربان نسبت به ضعفا ···················································································

           د- پر استقامت در برابر مسئولیت ·········································································

    شرایط دیگر·················································································································

    آفات مدیریت ··············································································································

    ویژگی‌های پنج گانه فرمانده بزرگ اسلام پیغمبر اکرم(ص) قرآن مجید·························································

    جنگهای منظم و نامنظم ···································································································································

    رزم تهاجمی ·······················································································································································

    رزم تدافعی ··························································································································································

    رزم نامنظم ··························································································································································

    نظر اسلام درباره این نحوه جنگ ······················································································································

    جنگهای روانی ····················································································································································

    اقدامات طرح ریزی شده برای ضربه زدن به روحیه دشمن································································

    شایعه سازی به وسیله افراد نفوذی ·····································································································

    استفاده از مقدسات دشمن ·················································································································

    اشاعه صلح ···········································································································································

    مقابله با جنگلهای روانی ····································································································································

    کجا باید جنگید؟ ················································································································································

    حرکت به سوی دشمن ······································································································································

        در صحنه نبرد ················································································································································

        قرارگاه······························································································································································

        رویارویی با دشمن ········································································································································

        آغاز و کیفیت نبرد ·········································································································································

    مراعات یک سلسله اصول اخلاقی و انسانی در جنگ ······················································································

    سلاح، مکان وزمان مجازو غیر مجاز در جنگ ···································································································

    خطرات عمومی جنگ افزارهای بیولوژیکی ·······································································································

    اسلام و این جنگ افزارها ···································································································································

    زمان و مکان غیر مجاز ········································································································································

    عوامل پیروزی ·····················································································································································

        ایمان به هدف ···············································································································································

       اخلاص ····························································································································································

       فرماندهی صحیح ············································································································································

    اطاعت کامل از فرماندهی ···································································································································

    صبر و پایداری ·····················································································································································

    حفظ اسرار نظامی ··············································································································································

    آگاهی از وضعیت دشمن ···································································································································

    سلام و نفرات (عِدّه و عُدّه)·································································································································

    پشت جبهه ·························································································································································

    پرچم، شعار و رجز ··············································································································································

    شعار و رجز ·························································································································································

    سخنان و خطابهای مهیج ··································································································································

    امدادهای غیبی ···················································································································································

        فرستادن فرشتگان ·········································································································································

        اطمینان قلب و از بین بردن دلهره ···············································································································

        ایجاد رعب در قطب دشمن ··························································································································

        نزول باران ·································································································································································

        وزش باد ····································································································································································

        کم جلوه دادن دشمنان ·································································································································

    دعا در جنگ·························································································································································

    درخواستهای جبهه ············································································································································

         بخش اول.  دعا برای توانفزائی نیروهای خودی ·························································································

            دعا برای پیروزی آئین حق ······················································································································

            دعا برای هدایت دشمنان ························································································································

           جبران ضعف برای ادامه نبرد ·····················································································································

           دعا برای حفظ ابزار و امکانات ···················································································································

         بخش دوم. درخواست شکست دشمن········································································································

            دعا برای نابودی سران کفر·······················································································································

            درخواست تزلزل نیروهای شرکت ···········································································································

        بخش سوم. مرحله نهایی ·····························································································································

            دعا برای جلوگیری از حس کبر و غرور ···································································································

    فلسفه و آثار دعا ·················································································································································

        اثر عمیق محتویات دعا ها ····························································································································

        مبارزه با اضطرابهای درونی·····························································································································

    نماز خوف ····························································································································································

        نماز مطارده یا شدت خوف ···························································································································

        امان در جنگ ·················································································································································

        چه کسی می‌تواند امان دهد؟ ·······················································································································

        شرایط امان ····················································································································································

        اسرای جنگی ·················································································································································

       رفتار با اسرا پس از پایان جنگ ·····················································································································

       آتش بس ···································································································································································

           

     

    منبع:

    1- قرآن مجید 

    2- نهج البلاغه 

    3- تاریخ پیامبر اسلام، دکتر محمد ابراهیم آیتی، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران 

    4- جهاد از دیدگاه امام علی (ع) در نهج البلاغه، عمید زنجانی، وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی 

    5- مدیریت و فرماندهی در اسلام، آیت الله العظمی مکاهم شیرازی، مدرسه اللمام علی بن ابیطالب (ع) 

    6- نظام دفاعی اسلام، عقیدتی سیاسی ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران 

    7- نشریه ویژه سیاسی نظامی معاونت سیاسی سماچا و ستاد مشترک ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران. 

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